هدف از این مطالعه محاسبه نرخ رشد بهره وری کل عوامل تولید چغندرقند برای استان های مختلف و سپس تجزیه نرخ رشد بهره وری به منابع آن یعنی تغییرات تکنولوژی، تغییرات کارایی مدیریت و تغییرات کارایی مقیاس می باشد. روش مورد استفاده برای اندازه گیری نرخ رشد بهره وری کل عوامل و تجزیه آن، شاخص بهره وری مالم کوئیست می باشد، که برای اندازه گیری توابع مسافت در آن از روش تحلیل فراگیر داده ها استفاده می شود. نتایج نشان داد که به طور متوسط در سطح کل کشور، بهره وری کل عوامل تولید چغندرقند در فاصله سال های 1379 تا 1386 حدود 47 درصد رشد داشته است. هم چنین مقایسه کل عوامل تولید چغندرقند در استان ها نشان داد که در سه استان قزوین، مرکزی و همدان در طول دوره مورد بررسی وضعیت بهره وری بدتر شده است و دلیل آن عمدتا به عدم کارایی فنی مدیریت در این استان ها بر می گردد. بنابراین پیشنهاد می شود این استان ها با الگو قراردادن استان های موفق در زمینه بهره وری وضعیت تولید خود را بهبود بخشند.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the Factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social Factors, 2. Psychological Factors, 3. Cultural Factors, 4. Family Factors, 5. Personal Factors, 6. Relational Factors, 7. Economic Factors, 8. Media Factors, 9. Contextual Factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic Factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

1هدف از این پژوهش بررسی عوامل موثر بر شکل گیری مدارس پیشرو می باشد، تا در آموزش و پرورش ایران مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. برای این منظور ابتدا با توجه به پیشینه تحقیق و مبانی نظری چهارچوب مفهومی در زمینه مولفه های یک مدرسه کارآمد و پیشرو ارایه گردید. این تحقیق از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی وتوسعه ای وروش آن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، از ﻧﻮع ترکیبی، و ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ روﺷﻬﺎی کمی و کیفی می باشد.. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، شامل کلیه مدیران و دبیران شاغل  در مدارس منطقه 15 و 16 شهر تهران می باشد.طبق اطلاعات بدست آمده جامعه آماری حدود 3000  نفرمی باشد. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول مورگان 344 نفر برآورد شده است. برای نمونه گیری در این پژوهش از روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای استفاده شد،که 84 نفر از مدیران و 260 نفر از دبیران در مطالعه حاضر، شرکت کرده اند. ابزار این پژوهش پرسشنامه محقق ساخته می باشد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها و پاسخ به سؤال های پژوهش، از آزمون ضریب همبستگی و تحلیل عاملی  استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان دادند که مولفه های مدیریت ورهبری، عوامل پژوهشی، عوامل آموزشی، منابع انسانی، بودجه و زیرساخت ها، فناوری و تجهیزات به عنوان مولفه های اصلی شکل گیری مدارس پیشرو می باشند که مولفه عوامل آموزشی بیشترین سهم را دارد.

Identifying the constraining Factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining Factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

مقدمه: افراد مبتلا به جراحت های حرارتی، افزایش کاتابولیسم پروتئین، تاخیر بهبود زخم، پاسخ ایمنی ضعیف و شیوع عفونت دارند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر 8 ماه تمرین مقاومتی بر سطوح (Growth hormone) GH، 3IGFBP (Insulin-like Growth factor binding protein3) و IGF1 (Insulin-like Growth factor1) پلاسمای افراد مبتلا به سوختگی شدید بود.روش ها: روش پژوهشی از نوع مورد منفرد با طرح خط پایه چندگانه شرکت کنندگان بود. آزمودنی های این پژوهش دو زن با سوختگی شدید (درجه 3) در دامنه سنی 30-20 سال در بیمارستان سوانح سوختگی مرکزی شهر بودند، که پس از تعیین موقعیت خط پایه، به صورت پلکانی وارد طرح پژوهشی شدند. بیماران طی 8 ماه مداخله انفرادی، تمرین های مقاومتی انجام دادند و یک ماه پس از پایان مداخله، به مدت 2 ماه پی در پی تحت آزمون پیگیری قرار گرفتند. ابزار سنجش پژوهش حاضر نمونه گیری خونی، به منظور اندازه گیری GH،IGF1 و IGFBP3 بود. نمونه های خونی به صورت ناشتا و 24 ساعت پس از تمرین ها در پایان هر ماه گرفته شد.یافته ها: بر اساس شاخص های آمار توصیفی و تحلیل دیداری، تمرین های مقاومتی در هر دو آزمودنی موجب تغییر در سطوح IGF1، IGFBP3 و GH شد. (Percentage of non-overlapping data) PND در 75 GH درصد برای آزمودنی اول و 87.5 درصد برای آزمودنی دوم و PND درIGF1   100 IGFBP3 ودرصد برای هر دو آزمودنی به دست آمد.نتیجه گیری: به نظر می رسد تمرین مقاومتی طولانی مدت بتواند باعث افزایش عوامل رشدی در افراد مبتلا به سوختگی شدید شود و یک محرک قوی برای سنتز پروتئین در این افراد باشد، یا از اثرات کاتابولیکی به وجود آمده پس از سوختگی و یا روند معکوس و کاهش بیش از حد این عوامل رشدی، پس از سوختگی جلوگیری کند و در نتیجه، باعث تسریع در بهبود جراحت ها شود.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which Factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the Factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding Factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find Factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which Factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the Factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which Factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which Factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of Factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical Factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the Factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the Factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the Factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant Growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop Growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant Growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the Growth and Growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant Growth promoting resulted in the highest Growth and final grain yield of corn.

مقدمه: سرطان سینه، یک بیماری چند عاملی و دارای پتانسیل کشندگی است که علاوه بر ژنتیک، عوامل محیطی زیادی در آن نقش دارند. هدف از انجام این تحقیق، بررسی بیان دو نشانگر زیستی (VEGF mRNA) Vascular endothelial Growth factor messenger RNA و Cytokeratin-19 mRNA (CK19 mRNA) و نیز نشانگر زیستی پروتئینی VEGF در خون محیطی بیماران مبتلا به سرطان سینه بود.روش ها: 40 بیمار مبتلا به سرطان سینه (گروه مورد) با 40 فرد سالم (گروه شاهد) مقایسه شدند. از روش Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) برای تعیین میزان بیان دو نشانگر زیستی CK19 mRNA و VEGF mRNA استفاده شد. همچنین، پروتئین VEGF به روش (ELISA) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay اندازه گیری گردید.یافته ها: مثبت شدن نشانگر VEGF mRNA در گروه مورد در 30 نفر از 40 بیمار مشاهده شد. در گروه شاهد، 6 نفر از 40 نفر مثبت گزارش گردید. نشانگر CK19 mRNA در گروه مورد در 25 نفر از 40 نفر مثبت گردید و در گروه شاهد، در 7 نفر از 40 نفر مثبت گزارش شد. همچنین، سطح سرمی VEGF در 27 نفر از افراد گروه مورد مثبت بود.نتیجه گیری: در مجموع، می توان نتیجه ی این تحقیق در زمینه ی نشانگرهای سرطان سینه را به عنوان یک آزمایش تشخیصی غربالگری برای کشف زودرس بیماری در مراحل اولیه در نظر گرفت.